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ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืž-2 ืื™ืจื•
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ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ

ืฉืขืจ

25.134 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ +/-
+231 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ EUR
ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ %
+0.92 %

ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘-ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื•ื 25.134 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR. ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘-ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ืขืœื” ืœ-25.134 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR ื‘-1.12.2024, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” 24.903 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR ื‘-1.9.2024. ืž-1.3.1995 ืขื“ 1.12.2024, ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืข ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื‘-ื”ื•ืœื ื“ ื”ื™ื” 18.47 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR. ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉื’ ื‘-1.6.2022 ืขื 25.2 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ืจืฉื ื‘-1.6.1996 ืขื 12.77 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR.

ืžืงื•ืจ: Statistics Netherlands

ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ

  • ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ื—ืžืฉ ืฉื ื™ื

  • ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื

  • 25 ืฉื ื”

  • ืžืงืก

ืชืž"ื’ ืžื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ

ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”

ืชืืจื™ืšืขืจืš
1.12.202425.134 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.9.202424.903 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.6.202424.535 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.3.202423.791 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.12.202324.431 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.9.202324.253 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.6.202324.823 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.3.202325.192 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.12.202225.067 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
1.9.202225.127 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR
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5
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ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืงืจื• ื“ื•ืžื™ื ืœ-ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ

ืฉืื ื•ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื“ืืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช
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ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ืžืชืงื ื™ื ื’ื•ืœืžื™ื•ืช
49.286 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR47.927 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืฆืžื™ื—ืช ืชื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื• ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ืฉื ื” ืžืœืื”
0.9 %0.1 %ืฉื ืชื™
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื“ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ
0.4 %0.8 %ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™
1.9 %1.7 %ืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ื‘ืจื•ื˜ื• ืœืื•ืžื™ ืžื”ื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™
17.552 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR14.472 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื”ื’ื•ืœืžื™
1.154 ื‘ื™ื•. USD1.047 ื‘ื™ื•. USDืฉื ืชื™
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืœื ืคืฉ ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ ื›ื•ื— ืงื ื™ื™ื”
70,610.17 USD71,259.65 USDืฉื ืชื™
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืžื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช
3.646 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR3.468 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืœื ืคืฉ
51,305.63 USD51,777.54 USDืฉื ืชื™
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื.
1.218 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR1.293 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื›ืจื™ื™ื”
831 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ EUR828 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื
43.369 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR43.227 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชื•ืฆืจ ื ืืฆื™ื•ื ืœื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™
293.839 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR274.966 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชืž"ื’ ื‘ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ืงื‘ื•ืขื™ื
238.715 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR237.835 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชืž"ื’ ืžืขื ืฃ ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”
10.988 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR10.949 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ
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ืชืž"ื’ ืžืชื—ื•ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืจื”
9.891 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EUR9.886 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ EURืจื‘ืขื•ืŸ

ื“ืคื™ ืžืืงืจื• ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื‘ ืื™ืจื•ืคื”

ืžื”ื• ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ

ื‘ืืชืจ ื”ืžืกืคืง ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• Eulerpool, ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช "ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ (ืชืž"ื’) ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”" ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื”. ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ืชืจืช ื”ื–ื•, ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ื ื•ื‘ืขืช ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื, ืžื“ื“ื™ื ื”ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชืž"ื’ ื”ื›ืœืœื™ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื•ืฉืœ ืžืฉืงื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื. ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ื’ื ื›-GDP from Manufacturing, ื”ื•ื ื ืชื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื“ ืืช ื”ืขืจืš ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉืžืชื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื•ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ืคืจืง ื–ืžืŸ ื ืชื•ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฉื ื”. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ื—ืœืง ืื™ื ื˜ื’ืจืœื™ ืžืขืžื•ื“ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื• ืืช ื›ืœืœ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ - ืžืคืขืœื™ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ืœ, ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ืžืฉืงื”, ืจื›ื‘, ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœื™ื, ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ื•ืขื•ื“ ืจื‘ื™ื. ื›ืืžื•ืจ, ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืื™ื ื“ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœืžื“ื™ื“ืช ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืง. ืื—ืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืจื›ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืง. ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฉื•ื•ืืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืขืฆืžื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ (Reindustrialization), ืคื™ืชื•ื— ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™, ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฉืชื ื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื“. ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืชื•ื ื™ ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ืžืชืžื“ืช ื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืกื™ืง ืฉืชื™ ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื•ืช: ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืงื•ืฉ ืœืžื•ืฆืจื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ืกื™ืžื ื™ื ืœืคื™ืชื•ื— ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื‘ืžื’ื–ืจ ื–ื”. ื™ืชืจื” ืžื–ืืช, ื”ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืคื•ืงื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ืขื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืขืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ืืฃ ืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืžืื–ืŸ ื”ืกื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”. ื‘ื”ื‘ื ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืชืž"ื’ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื™ื™ื—ืก ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืœื“ืจืš ื”ื”ืฉืคืขืชื” ืขืœ ืจืžืช ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื”. ื”ืžื’ื–ืจ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ืžืื•ืคื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืจื—ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื โ€“ ืžืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ืื™ื. ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฆื‘ื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืงืฃ ื”ืชืขืกื•ืงื” ื•ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื›ืš ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืื‘ื˜ืœื” ื•ืฉื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื. ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™, ื™ืฉื ื” ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ืœื–ื™ื”ื•ื™ ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืขืจืš ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื”ืžืžื•ืงืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ื™ื. ื›ืืฉืจ ืขื™ืจ ืื• ืžื—ื•ื– ื ื”ื ื™ื ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ืขืจื”, ื”ื—ื•ืกืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœ ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืืœื• ื’ื“ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™, ืžื” ืฉืžืฉืคืจ ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ื ื™ืชื ื™ื ืœืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื” ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื. ื›ืฉืžืชืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ืžืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื” ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื•ืคื™ืขื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ืช. ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืชืžืงื“ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื›ื•ืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืชื’ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื "Made in..." ืขื ืฉื ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”, ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื•ื”ื›ื•ื— ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ ืฉืœื”ืŸ. ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ ืชื™ืขื•ืฉ ื”ื ืกืžืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช. ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืชื—ื•ืช ืžืจื—ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ื›ืœื›ืœื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™. ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืืœื•, ื”ืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื‘ืชืž"ื’ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืช ืœืžืฉื™ื›ืช ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืฉืชื™ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืื™ืชื ื”. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœื›ืš, ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื”ื™ืฆื•ื ื•ื”ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ื“ืจืš ืคืจื™ื–ืžืช ืชืž"ื’ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื“ืคื•ืกื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืง ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื‘ืžืฉืงื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื. ืžืฉืง ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืœืง ื ื™ื›ืจ ืžื”ืชืž"ื’ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžื•ืคื ื” ืœื™ืฆื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื—ื•ื•ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืžืฉืงื™ื ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืคืชื— ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืืงืจื•-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขืช ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ื ื’ืœื•ื‘ืœื™ื™ื. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืชืž"ื’ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ืžืกืคืงื™ื ื’ื ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืœืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”. ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื•ืจื’ื•ืœื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื“ ื–ื” ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื‘ืกืก ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ืขื ืคื™ืช ื•ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื›ื’ื•ืŸ: ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ืชืฉืชื™ื•ืช, ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื“ืฉื ื•ืช, ืกื‘ืกื•ื“ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ืจื’ื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ "ืชื•ืฆืจ ืžืงื•ืžื™ ื’ื•ืœืžื™ ืžืชืขืฉื™ื™ื”" ื‘ืืชืจ Eulerpool ืžืกืคืงืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืจื‘-ื’ื•ื ื™ืช ื•ืžืœืื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืง. ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื‘ื ื” ืžืขืžื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจื—ื‘ ื•ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืืœื•, ืžื ื”ื™ื’ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื, ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืžื’ืžื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ื•ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืžื•ืชืื ืœืฆืจื›ื™ ื”ืฉื•ืง. ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืชื•ืจื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืขื•ืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื‘ื ืช ืขื•ืžืง ืฉืœ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ-ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื.